Parental background and housing outcomes in young adulthood

Abstract

Scholars and policy-makers are concerned that young adults’ housing opportunities are becoming more dependent on their family background. This could hinder social mobility and exacerbate inequality. Using data from three cohorts of young people drawn from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study of England and Wales, this study examines how parental attributes in childhood are linked to young adults’ housing outcomes two decades later. The results show that young adults’ housing outcomes have changed considerably over time and are persistently stratified by parental class and tenure in ways that vary by gender. Housing outcomes have become somewhat more polarised by parental tenure over time as the children of renters became relatively less likely to enter homeownership and more likely to rent privately. This suggests that renters became an increasingly ‘marginalised minority’ in the late twentieth century, with consequences for their children’s housing careers and future social inequality.     

早期建筑师对城市低收入住宅的探索

发达国家进入城市化后,建筑师们为解决由此而产生的城市低收入阶层的住房问题进行了早期探索和研究。通过低收入阶层公共住宅设计课题的提出到实践历程的分析,为我国解决这一复杂问题提供理论支持和实践经验。     

失智特殊护理单元公共空间设计对老人行为的影响—— 以北京市两所养老设施为例

中国是全球失智老人数量最多的国家,不断增长的失智老人群体对专业化的养老机构需求迫切。然而,当前中国能够满足失智老人特殊照护需求的养老机构很少,对失智老人行为模式、空间需求的认识和研究不足,更缺少专业的护理环境设计应对。本研究通过对北京两个空间布局相异的失智老人特殊护理单元中公共空间的调研,连续观察记录了老人对公共空间的使用方式与行为。对比分析后发现公共空间中空间布局、家具细节、空间氛围、物理环境等环境因素对老人的空间利用、交流行为、活动开展等行为均会产生影响。最后对失智老人护理机构公共空间环境设计提出了相应建议。     

蔬果总摄入量与认知功能的相关性研究

目的 探究蔬果总摄入量与认知功能的相关性,为中国老年人的膳食指导提供科学依据。方法 利用2015年中国居民健康与营养调查（CHNS）湖北省的调查资料,纳入年龄55岁及以上的研究对象406人,调整年龄、性别、城乡、婚姻、教育程度、年收入、吸烟、饮酒、体力活动、红肉摄入、鱼肉摄入、总能量摄入、体质指数（BMI）和高血压等因素,采用多重线性回归评价蔬果总摄入量与认知得分的偏回归系数及95%置信区间（CI）。结果 研究对象平均年龄为64.79±7.57岁,平均蔬果总摄入量为330.18±165.56 g/d,平均认知得分为13.44±5.66分。在完全调整模型中,相较于蔬果总摄入量Q1组,蔬果总摄入量Q4组的偏回归系数与95%CI分别为1.91、0.08~3.75。与只摄入蔬菜相比,同时摄入蔬菜和水果的偏回归系数与95%CI分别为1.40、0.15~2.73。结论 较高水平的蔬果总摄入量与中老年人较好的认知功能相关,在摄入蔬菜的同时应确保水果的摄入。     

Moving Out of Home Ownership in Later Life: The Influence of the Family and Housing Careers

Home ownership is often regarded as the preferred housing tenure; however, situations in parallel life-course careers might make moving to a rental home necessary or attractive to home owners. Retrospective data from the SHARELIFE survey were used to study the short- and long-term impact of situations and disruptions in the family and housing careers on leaving home ownership at middle (45–64) and older ages (65–80) in Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands. We found that directly after separation and widowhood, the likelihood of leaving home ownership was the greatest. However, more than 10 years after separation and widowhood, individuals were still significantly more likely to leave ownership than those in their first marriage. Furthermore, late first childbirth and early first-time home ownership were associated with lower chances of leaving home ownership. We conclude that situations and changes in family and housing careers have both a short-term and a long-term impact on the likelihood of moving out of home ownership.     

Accommodating discontent: youth,conflict and the housing question in Hong Kong

Young people across many societies face growing problems in making the transition from the parental home to independent living. Rising house prices and the lack of affordable alternatives to home ownership is most commonly blamed. This paper explores these issues in relation to young people in Hong Kong. The paper argues that the housing question in Hong Kong has distinct local characteristics and cannot be disconnected from wider political and economic tensions. It also shows that the housing choices and views of young people are shaped by more than issues of cost and access. The paper draws on a unique data-set which explores the attitudes and expectations with regard to housing among young people in Hong Kong. Addressing the housing problem is widely regarded as a political priority and essential to maintain social cohesion. However, political imperatives and economic interests are pulling in different directions.     

Places that Support Human Flourishing: Lessons from Later Life

This review paper contends that by paying attention to the quality of life issues raised by older people, planners may promote better places for all. Recent research in the UK that asked older people to identify quality of life criteria revealed that health, income, social networks, community participation, information, activities, home, neighbourhood and mobility are key areas where old age can be enriched. The paper argues that of these, home, neighbourhood and mobility are paramount for four reasons. Firstly, older people are seen as situated, even fixed, in domestic environments; secondly, society has responded to later life by creating age-segregated spaces; thirdly, lessening mobility may increase the importance of the local arena and fourthly the interplay between the self and the environment underpins or undermines independence. The significance of place means that planners, even more than other professionals, need to be age aware. Drawing on recent national and international research this paper contemplates what a more age-friendly place might be like and considers how issues of age can interact with the broader planning agendas of sustainability, cohesion and liveability to create places that promote well-being for every member of the community.     

Young adults and the decline of the urban English pub: issues for planning

The numbers of English public houses or “pubs” have reduced significantly in the last two decades. Politicians have called on the planning system to resist their closure but, at the same time, demand further controls over high-street bars. This paper explores the reasons for the decline and the rationale for supporting the continuation of the “traditional” English pub. Using evidence drawn from a wider study of the relationships between places and youth drinking cultures, the paper discusses young adults' use of pubs. While recognising the adverse effects of heavy drinking, arguments are put forward in support of the traditional pub as a site for restrained and responsible social interaction for young adults. The paper discusses the issues this raises for the UK planning system in the context of responsibilities for social sustainability and public health.     

A Comparison of Leisure Time Spent in a Garden with Leisure Time Spent Indoors: On Measures of Restoration in Residents in Geriatric Care

During the past 20 years, findings have indicated that nature plays an active role in helping people recover from stress and fatigue. Two of the most cited theories in this field are Rachel and Stephen Kaplan's theory of recovery from Directed Attention Fatigue in nature and Roger Ulrich's theory of aesthetic and affective responses to natural environments and stress recovery. One aim of the present study is to test whether being outdoors in a green recreational environment causes people to be more focused, compared to being in a room indoors (in line with hypotheses suggested by the Kaplans). Another aim is to test whether people experience stress reduction, i.e. as evidenced by changes in blood pressure and heart rate, if they are placed in an environment with many green elements (in line with hypotheses suggested by Ulrich). The overall study design is that of an intervention study. Fifteen elderly persons living at a home for very elderly people participated. Their powers of concentration, blood pressure and heart rate were measured before and after an hour of rest in a garden or in an indoor setting. Seven elderly people were randomly chosen to have their first series of tests in a garden, while eight elderly people had their first series of tests indoors. The results indicate that powers of concentration increase for very elderly people after a visit to a garden outside the geriatric home in which they live, compared to that after resting indoors in their favourite room. The results did not show any effects on blood pressure or heart rate. It is suggested that having a one-hour rest outdoors in a garden setting plays a role in elderly people's powers of concentration, and could thereby affect their performance of activities of daily living. One important factor in this study was that both the outdoor environment and the indoor environment at the home were highly valued by participants.     

医疗建筑环境探索——张江镇社区卫生服务中心设计心得

本文研究医疗类建筑环境的设计思路．通过积极环境的塑造来满足相关患者心理和生理上的诉求,从而为病人痊愈提供额外帮助。积极环境蕴藏着更多正能量,应该成为此类建筑着重考虑的因素。